Question of The Day

According to Marx, a social and economic revolution could take place through
I. parliamentary procedures
II. political action
III. violent revolution

With Friedrich Engels, Karl Marx in 1848 published the Communist  Manifesto  calling uponthe masses to rise and throw off their   economic chains. His maturer theories of society were later
(5)elaborated in his large and abstruse work DasKapital. Starting as a non-violet revolutionist, he ended life as a major social theorist more or less sympathetic with violent revolution, if such  became necessary in order to change the social 
(10)system which he believed to be frankly predatory  upon the masses.On the theoretical side, Marx set up the doctrine  of surplus value as the chief element in capitalistic  exploitation. According to this theory, the ruling  (15)classes no longer employed military force primarily as a means to plundering the people. Instead, they used their control over employment and working conditions under the bourgeois capitalistic system for this purpose, paying only a bare
(20)subsistence wage to the worker while they appropriated  all surplus values in the productive process. He further taught that the strategic disadvantage of  the worker in industry prevented him from obtaining a fairer share of the earnings by bargaining
(25)methods and drove him to revolutionary procedures as a means to establishing his economic and   social rights. This revolution might be peacefully  consummated by parliamentary procedures if the  people prepared themselves for political action by
(30)mastering the materialistic interpretation of history and by organizing politically for the final event. It was his belief that the aggressions of the capitalist  class would eventually destroy the middle class and take over all their sources of income by a process
(35)of capitalistic absorption of industry–a process which has failed to occur in most countries. With minor exceptions. Marx's social philosophy is now generally accepted by left wing labor movements in many countries, but rejected by
(40)centrist labor groups, especially those in the United  States. In Russia and other Eastern European  countries, however, Socialist leaders adopted the  methods of violent revolution because of the  opposition of the ruling classes. Yet, many now 
(45)hold that the present Communist regime in Russia  and her satellite countries is no longer a proletarian  movement based on Marxist social and political  theory, but a camouflaged imperialistic effort to  dominate the world in the interest of a new ruling 
(50)class. It is important, however, that those who wish to  approach Marx as a teacher should not be “buffaloed”  by his philosophic approach. They are very  likely to in these days, because those most interested 
(55)in propagating the ideas of Marx, the Russian  Bolsheviks, have swallowed down his Hegelian  philosophy along with his science of revolutionary  engineering, and they look upon us irreverent  peoples who presume to mediate social and even 
(60)revolutionary problems without making our   obeisance to the mysteries of Dialectic Materialism,  as a species of unredeemed and well-nigh  unredeemable barbarians. They are right in  scorning our ignorance of the scientific ideas of 
(65)Karl Marx and our indifference to them. They are  wrong in scorning our distaste for having practical  programs presented in the form of systems of  philosophy. In that we simply represent a more  progressive intellectual culture than that in which
(70)Marx received his education–a culture farther  emerged from the dominance of religious attitudes.

I, II, or III